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🇮🇳 Indian Astronaut Returns to Space After 41 Years: Shubhanshu Shukla Aboard Axiom-4 Mission to ISS

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In a landmark moment for India's space ambitions, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla has blasted off to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Axiom-4 mission , marking the country's return to human spaceflight after a 41-year hiatus . This historic launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida has not only reignited national pride but also officially kickstarted India’s human spaceflight programme . The mission, operated by Axiom Space , includes a four-member international crew that will spend 14 days in orbit , conducting scientific research, outreach programs, and various commercial activities. This momentous occasion places India among a select group of nations capable of sending humans into space and reflects the growing prowess of the Indian space sector . A New Chapter: Shubhanshu Shukla and India’s Astronautical Comeback The last Indian to go to space was Rakesh Sharma in 1984, aboard the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz T-11. Now, in 2025, Shubhanshu...

Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) – 125 Years of Solar Research

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Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) – 125 Years of Solar Research


The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) recently celebrated its 125th anniversary at an International Solar Conference, highlighting its pioneering contributions to solar studies.

About Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO)

  • Established: 1899
  • Operated by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA)
  • Location: Kodaikanal, Palani Hills, Tamil Nadu
  • Reason for Selection:

  • Proximity to the equator 
  • Dust-free, high-altitude location 
    Ideal conditions for continuous solar observations.

Key Objectives of KSO

Solar Observation & Research

Monitors the Sun's activities, including:

  • Sunspots & solar flares 
  • Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) 
  • Solar magnetic fields 

Climate & Monsoon Studies

  • Collects solar radiation data to study its impact on Earth's climate and Indian monsoon patterns.

Longest Solar Data Archive

  • Houses over a century of solar data, crucial for studying long-term solar cycle variations.

Solar Physics Research & Global Collaboration

  • Collaborates with global space agencies like NASA & ISRO for solar physics advancements.

Contributions to Science & Astronomy

  • Provided some of the earliest recorded images of the Sun’s surface.
  • Helps in space weather prediction & solar storm monitoring.
  • Supports India’s space missions like Aditya-L1 for solar exploration.

Future Prospects

  • Upgrading telescopes with advanced solar imaging technologies.
  • Expanding collaborations with global solar observatories.
  • Enhancing contributions to climate science and space weather prediction.

For 125 years, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory has been a cornerstone of India's solar research, providing invaluable insights into solar activity and its impact on Earth. 

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