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India’s AMCA Programme Takes Flight: A Stealth Leap into the Future of Air Combat

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In a major leap toward self-reliance in defense technology, India is set to develop its very own fifth-generation fighter jet—the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) . In a historic move, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has approved an innovative execution model for the indigenous stealth fighter programme. This model brings together Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and private industry players in a competitive framework, marking a significant shift in how India approaches military aviation manufacturing. This bold initiative comes at a critical time, as China has already fielded two fifth-generation fighters , and reports indicate it will supply 40 J-35 stealth jets to Pakistan . Against this backdrop, fast-tracking the AMCA has become an urgent national security imperative. AMCA: India’s Indigenous Stealth Fighter Dream The AMCA project , spearheaded by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) , received its l...

Quipu Superstructure: The Largest Known Structure in the Universe

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Quipu Superstructure: The Largest Known Structure in the Universe

Introduction

Astronomers have discovered the largest known structure in the universe, named Quipu, an enormous superstructure composed of galaxy clusters and cosmic filaments.

Key Characteristics

Size & Mass:

  • The Quipu superstructure stretches across 1.3 billion light-years.
  • It has a mass of 200 quadrillion solar masses.

Composition:

  • Made up of galaxy clusters, filaments, and voids.
  • It belongs to a class of superstructures, which contain multiple superclusters of galaxies.

Effects of Superstructures

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Disturbances

  • Superstructures like Quipu create fluctuations in the CMB, which is the leftover radiation from the Big Bang.

Impact on the Hubble Constant

  • The presence of massive superstructures distorts accurate measurements of the universe’s expansion rate.
  • This causes variations in the calculation of the Hubble Constant, leading to discrepancies in cosmic models.

Gravitational Lensing (GL) Effects

  • Gravitational lensing occurs when a superstructure bends and distorts light from background galaxies.
  • This phenomenon creates magnified or multiple images of distant objects, helping astronomers study the universe.

Significance of the Discovery

  • Challenges current models of cosmic evolution and large-scale structures.
  • Helps in understanding dark matter and dark energy.
  • Provides insight into the early formation of galaxies.


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