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Redeeming India’s Nuclear Power Promise: A Clean Energy Imperative for 2047

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Introduction: A Nuclear Vision for Viksit Bharat@2047 As India marches toward its ambitious goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047, energy security stands as a pivotal pillar in the vision of Viksit Bharat . Amid the global climate crisis and rising energy demands, nuclear power has re-emerged as a compelling solution. India’s commitment to achieving 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 is both visionary and necessary—but achieving this requires a strategic shift in policy, participation, and international cooperation. While India’s nuclear energy sector has traditionally been a tightly controlled domain under government monopoly—primarily led by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) —it is now imperative to welcome private sector investments and foreign partnerships. A reformed nuclear ecosystem can unlock the full potential of atomic energy as a clean, reliable, and scalable contributor to India’s net-zero aspiration...

Bombay Blood Group (HH Blood Group) – A Rare Blood Type

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Bombay Blood Group (HH Blood Group) – A Rare Blood Type

Discovery and Origin

  • First discovered in Mumbai (Bombay), India, in 1952 by Dr. Y.M. Bhende.
  • Extremely rare, found in 1 in a million people worldwide, but more common in India (1 in 10,000 people) due to consanguineous marriages.

Unique Characteristics

  • Individuals with this blood group lack the H antigen, which is the precursor for the A and B antigens in the ABO blood system.
  • Contains anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H antibodies, making it incompatible with all ABO blood types.
  • Can only receive blood from another Bombay blood group donor.

Clinical Significance

  • Blood Transfusion Challenge: People with this blood group cannot receive O, A, B, or AB blood, as even O blood contains the H antigen.
  • Rare Donor Availability: Since the blood group is rare, finding a matching donor for transfusions is difficult.
  • High Risk in Emergencies: Requires special blood banking and donor registration to facilitate emergency transfusions.

Inheritance and Genetics

  • Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (both parents must carry the defective gene).
  • Found mainly in South Asia, Middle East, and some parts of South America.

Diagnosis and Detection

  • Standard Blood Typing Mistake: Regular ABO blood typing may classify it as O group unless specifically tested for the H antigen.
  • Confirmed by:
    • Anti-H Lectin Test (Ulex Europaeus test) – Differentiates Bombay group from O blood.
    • Genetic Testing for mutations in the FUT1 gene.

Importance of Awareness

  • Blood banks maintain separate Bombay blood group donor registries.
  • Raising awareness helps in quick donor matching and life-saving transfusions.


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