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India’s AMCA Programme Takes Flight: A Stealth Leap into the Future of Air Combat

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In a major leap toward self-reliance in defense technology, India is set to develop its very own fifth-generation fighter jet—the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) . In a historic move, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has approved an innovative execution model for the indigenous stealth fighter programme. This model brings together Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and private industry players in a competitive framework, marking a significant shift in how India approaches military aviation manufacturing. This bold initiative comes at a critical time, as China has already fielded two fifth-generation fighters , and reports indicate it will supply 40 J-35 stealth jets to Pakistan . Against this backdrop, fast-tracking the AMCA has become an urgent national security imperative. AMCA: India’s Indigenous Stealth Fighter Dream The AMCA project , spearheaded by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) , received its l...

Brucellosis: A Zoonotic Bacterial Disease

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Brucellosis: A Zoonotic Bacterial Disease

Recent Case in India

  • Recently, an eight-year-old girl from Kottakkal in Malappuram district of Kerala succumbed to Brucellosis, bringing attention to this zoonotic disease.

What is Brucellosis?

  • Type: Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused by species of the Brucella genus.
  • Common Brucella Species:
    • Brucella melitensis (most prevalent in humans)
    • Brucella abortus (common in cattle)
    • Brucella suis (affects swine)
    • Brucella canis (affects dogs)
  • The disease primarily affects livestock but can be transmitted to humans.

Transmission of Brucellosis

  • Animal-to-Human Transmission:
    • Direct contact with infected animals (cattle, goats, sheep, swine, and dogs).
    • Consumption of contaminated dairy products such as unpasteurized milk and cheese.
    • Inhalation of airborne bacteria, especially in farms, slaughterhouses, and laboratories.
  • Human-to-Human Transmission:
    • Extremely rare but can occur through blood transfusions, sexual contact, or breastfeeding.

Symptoms of Brucellosis in Humans

  • Initial Symptoms: Fever, chills, sweating, fatigue, joint pain, and loss of appetite.
  • Chronic Symptoms: Arthritis, endocarditis (heart inflammation), neurological issues, and long-term fatigue.

Risk Factors for Brucellosis

  • Occupational Risks: Farmers, veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers, and laboratory personnel handling animals.
  • Environmental Factors: Poor animal husbandry practices and lack of hygiene in food processing.
  • Urbanization & Animal Industry Expansion: Increased human-animal interactions heighten the risk of outbreaks.

Prevention & Control Measures

  • Vaccination: Livestock vaccination programs to reduce infection rates.
  • Food Safety: Pasteurization of dairy products and proper cooking of meat.
  • Hygiene Practices: Protective gear for workers handling animals and routine disinfection in farms.
  • Early Diagnosis & Treatment: Antibiotic therapy for infected individuals to prevent complications.



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