In a world increasingly shaped by technological advancement, ensuring gender equality in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) is no longer a choice—it’s a necessity. Recognizing this, the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi launched a pioneering initiative titled ‘Manasvi’ , a STEM mentorship programme for high school girls . The programme, unveiled in New Delhi today, is spearheaded by the institute’s Academic Outreach and New Initiatives Office . Manasvi is not merely an educational engagement; it is a transformative platform aimed at inspiring and empowering young girls to pursue careers in STEM, fields traditionally dominated by men. At the heart of Manasvi lies the ambition to address the deep-rooted gender disparity in STEM education and careers . Despite producing the largest number of science graduates globally, India continues to see disproportionately low female representation in STEM careers —a statistic that underscores the urgent need for su...
Understanding Hantavirus: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction
Hantavirus is a rare but serious viral infection primarily transmitted to humans through rodents. It has gained attention due to its potentially fatal consequences and the need for preventive measures. This article explores the origins, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies associated with Hantavirus.
Origins and History
Hantavirus was first identified in the 1950s during the Korean War when soldiers developed a mysterious fever. The virus is named after the Hantan River in South Korea, where the initial outbreak occurred. Since then, different strains of Hantavirus have been discovered worldwide, with varying levels of severity.
Transmission and Risk Factors
- Rodents as Primary Carriers: Deer mice, cotton rats, and white-footed mice are known to carry Hantavirus without showing symptoms.
- Airborne Transmission: The virus spreads to humans when they inhale aerosolized particles from rodent urine, droppings, or saliva.
- Direct Contact: Handling infected rodents or their nesting materials increases the risk of transmission.
- Bites from Infected Rodents: Though rare, direct bites can transmit the virus.
- Contaminated Food and Water: Ingestion of food or water contaminated with rodent excreta may lead to infection.
Symptoms and Stages of Hantavirus Infection
Hantavirus infections can be classified into two major syndromes:
- Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – Found mainly in the Americas.
- Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) – More common in Asia and Europe.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
- Early Symptoms (1-2 Weeks After Exposure):
- Fever and chills
- Muscle aches (especially in thighs, hips, back, and shoulders)
- Fatigue
- Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
- Progressive Symptoms (4-10 Days After Onset):
- Coughing and shortness of breath
- Fluid accumulation in the lungs
- Severe respiratory distress, requiring hospitalization
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)
- Early Symptoms:
- Sudden high fever
- Severe headaches and back pain
- Chills and abdominal pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Advanced Symptoms:
- Low blood pressure
- Kidney failure
- Internal bleeding (hemorrhage)
Diagnosis of Hantavirus Infection
- Blood Tests: Detect Hantavirus-specific antibodies or viral RNA.
- Chest X-rays: Identify fluid buildup in the lungs.
- Kidney Function Tests: Assess potential renal damage.
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Confirms the presence of the virus.
Treatment and Management
There is no specific antiviral cure for Hantavirus, but early medical intervention can improve survival rates.
- Hospitalization & Intensive Care: Patients with HPS may require ventilatory support.
- Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Helps in managing kidney-related complications in HFRS.
- Oxygen Therapy: Assists in severe respiratory distress.
- Supportive Care: Includes pain management and fever control.
Prevention Strategies
Since there is no vaccine for Hantavirus, preventive measures are crucial.
Rodent Control and Hygiene
- Seal Entry Points: Block gaps in walls, doors, and floors to prevent rodents from entering homes.
- Proper Food Storage: Store food in airtight containers to avoid contamination.
- Maintain Cleanliness: Regularly clean attics, basements, and storage areas.
- Safe Rodent Disposal: Use gloves and disinfectants when handling dead rodents or their droppings.
Personal Protection Measures
- Wear Protective Gear: Use gloves and masks when cleaning areas with rodent activity.
- Avoid Dust Inhalation: Spray disinfectant before sweeping rodent-infested areas.
- Camping Safety: Avoid sleeping directly on the ground in areas with a known rodent presence.
Recent Outbreaks and Global Impact
- Hantavirus Cases in the U.S.: Found in rural areas, particularly in the Southwest.
- China and South Korea: Frequent cases of HFRS linked to rodent exposure.
- South America: Notable outbreaks in Argentina and Chile.
Conclusion
Hantavirus, though rare, is a potentially deadly virus that requires awareness and preventive efforts. Understanding how the virus spreads, recognizing early symptoms, and adopting effective preventive strategies are key to minimizing risks. Ongoing research and rodent control programs continue to play a crucial role in preventing Hantavirus outbreaks worldwide.