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🇮🇳 Indian Astronaut Returns to Space After 41 Years: Shubhanshu Shukla Aboard Axiom-4 Mission to ISS

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In a landmark moment for India's space ambitions, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla has blasted off to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Axiom-4 mission , marking the country's return to human spaceflight after a 41-year hiatus . This historic launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida has not only reignited national pride but also officially kickstarted India’s human spaceflight programme . The mission, operated by Axiom Space , includes a four-member international crew that will spend 14 days in orbit , conducting scientific research, outreach programs, and various commercial activities. This momentous occasion places India among a select group of nations capable of sending humans into space and reflects the growing prowess of the Indian space sector . A New Chapter: Shubhanshu Shukla and India’s Astronautical Comeback The last Indian to go to space was Rakesh Sharma in 1984, aboard the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz T-11. Now, in 2025, Shubhanshu...

Hydrogen Peroxide: Uses, Benefits, and Safety – A Complete Guide

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Hydrogen Peroxide: Uses, Benefits, and Safety – A Complete Guide

Introduction

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a powerful chemical compound widely used for its antiseptic, bleaching, and oxidizing properties. Found in households, industries, and medical applications, this colorless liquid has revolutionized various sectors. In this article, we will explore hydrogen peroxide's uses, benefits, safety precautions, and its growing role in modern industries.

What is Hydrogen Peroxide?

Hydrogen peroxide is a simple molecule composed of two hydrogen and two oxygen atoms (H₂O₂). It is slightly more viscous than water and has strong oxidizing properties. Hydrogen peroxide naturally decomposes into water (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂), making it an environmentally friendly compound.

Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide

1. Household Applications

Hydrogen peroxide is a staple in many households due to its versatility:

  • Disinfectant: Used to clean surfaces, kitchen counters, and bathroom fixtures.
  • Whitening Agent: Removes stains from fabrics and teeth.
  • Food Preservative: Used in food packaging to prevent microbial contamination.
  • Plant Growth Booster: Diluted hydrogen peroxide can be used to oxygenate plant roots and kill bacteria in gardening.

2. Medical and Pharmaceutical Uses

  • Wound Disinfection: Hydrogen peroxide is used as an antiseptic to clean wounds and prevent infection.
  • Oral Hygiene: Found in mouthwashes and teeth-whitening products.
  • Ear Wax Removal: Helps to dissolve earwax safely.
  • Skin Treatment: Used for acne and skin infections due to its antibacterial properties.

3. Industrial and Chemical Applications

  • Bleaching Agent: Used in paper, textile, and laundry industries to whiten fabrics and materials.
  • Water Treatment: Used to purify water and remove contaminants.
  • Rocket Propellant: A high-concentration form of hydrogen peroxide is used in aerospace engineering.
  • Electronics Industry: Used in semiconductor manufacturing for circuit board cleaning.

4. Environmental Benefits and Eco-Friendly Uses

  • Pollution Control: Hydrogen peroxide helps break down industrial pollutants and wastewater treatment.
  • Agriculture: Used in organic farming to eliminate fungal infections in crops.

Benefits of Hydrogen Peroxide

1. Powerful Antimicrobial Properties

Hydrogen peroxide is an effective disinfectant against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and mold, making it an essential tool for hygiene and sanitation.

2. Eco-Friendly and Biodegradable

Unlike chemical disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide breaks down into water and oxygen, leaving no harmful residues.

3. Affordable and Readily Available

Hydrogen peroxide is inexpensive and easily available, making it accessible for both personal and industrial use.

4. Non-Toxic When Used Properly

Low concentrations (3%-6%) are safe for household and medical applications, making it a preferred alternative to harsh chemicals.

Safety Precautions When Using Hydrogen Peroxide

While hydrogen peroxide is highly beneficial, improper handling can be hazardous. Follow these safety tips:

  • Avoid Ingestion: Hydrogen peroxide should never be consumed, as it can cause internal burns.
  • Proper Storage: Store in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight to prevent decomposition.
  • Dilution Matters: Use appropriate concentrations for different applications to avoid skin irritation or damage.
  • Protective Gear: When handling industrial-strength hydrogen peroxide, use gloves and protective eyewear.

Hydrogen Peroxide in Modern Science and Research

Hydrogen peroxide is a focus of ongoing research for its potential in:

  • Cancer Treatment: Studies suggest hydrogen peroxide may play a role in killing cancer cells through oxidative stress.
  • Renewable Energy: Used in fuel cells to generate clean energy.
  • Space Exploration: NASA is researching its use as a propellant for space missions.

Conclusion

Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile compound with widespread applications in healthcare, household cleaning, industry, and environmental sustainability. Its strong oxidizing properties make it an essential tool for disinfection, bleaching, and even scientific research. However, it must be handled responsibly to maximize its benefits while ensuring safety. As industries continue to explore new applications, hydrogen peroxide is poised to remain a key player in science and technology.


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