SciTech Express

ISRO's Next-Generation Launch Vehicle  (NGLV) Soorya: Pioneering India's Space  Exploration   The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has embarked on an ambitious project to develop the Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV), aptly named "Soorya." This initiative aims to bolster India's capabilities in space exploration, satellite deployment, and interplanetary missions. The Soorya project signifies a monumental leap in aerospace technology, aligning with global trends toward reusable and sustainable launch systems. 1. Overview of the Soorya Project Strategic Vision : The Soorya project is conceived to meet India's burgeoning demands for satellite launches, human spaceflight, and deep-space missions. It is envisioned to replace ISRO's current workhorse launch vehicles, offering enhanced payload capacities and reusability features. pib.gov.in Project Timeline : The development phase is projected to span approximately seven years, with the inaugural fli...

Artificial Photosynthesis: The Future of Organic Synthesis and Sustainable Chemistry  Introduction Artificial photosynthesis is a groundbreaking technology that mimics nature’s ability to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into useful organic compounds. This innovation holds immense potential for creating sustainable fuels, chemicals, and materials, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change. Understanding Artificial Photosynthesis Inspired by natural photosynthesis in plants, artificial photosynthesis replicates the process using engineered catalysts and nanomaterials. It captures solar energy and drives chemical reactions to produce valuable organic compounds. The goal is to create a clean and efficient method of synthesizing useful molecules without harming the environment. The Key Components of Artificial Photosynthesis Light-Harvesting System: Uses semiconductors, nanomaterials, or artificial chlorophyll to absorb sunlight. Catalysts: Specialize...

Revolutionary Anode-Free EV Battery Promises 500+ Mile Range: A Game Changer for Electric Vehicles Introduction: A Breakthrough in EV Battery Technology Scientists and engineers have developed a revolutionary anode-free lithium metal battery. This battery boasts an ultra-high energy density , allowing electric vehicles (EVs) to travel 500+ miles on a single charge. The breakthrough could reduce battery costs , extend vehicle lifespans, and make EVs more competitive with traditional gasoline-powered cars.  What is an Anode-Free Battery? Conventional lithium-ion batteries have anodes made of graphite or silicon , which store lithium ions during charging. Anode-free batteries eliminate the traditional anode material, allowing lithium metal to deposit directly onto the battery's current collector. This innovation results in a lighter, more compact, and higher-capacity battery . How Does It Work? Instead of using a pre-formed anode, the battery relies on lithium plating on the curre...

Solar Dehydration Technology: A Sustainable Innovation by IIT Kanpur Introduction IIT Kanpur has developed an innovative Solar Dehydration Technology , which is designed to help farmers preserve agricultural produce using renewable solar energy . This eco-friendly method significantly reduces post-harvest losses and enhances shelf life , making it a cost-effective and sustainable solution for the agricultural sector. What is Solar Dehydration Technology? Solar dehydration is a process where sunlight is used to remove moisture from food products like fruits, vegetables, and grains . By lowering moisture content, the technology prevents spoilage and microbial growth , ensuring better quality and long-term storage . Unlike conventional drying methods, which rely on electricity or fuel-based systems , this method reduces dependency on fossil fuels and promotes green energy solutions . How Does Solar Dehydration Work? Collection of Solar Energy Sunlight is captured using solar panels ...

Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025: India Among the Most Affected Nations Introduction to Climate Risk Index (CRI) The Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025 is a globally recognized measure that ranks countries based on their vulnerability to extreme weather events over a defined period. This index assesses the impact of climate-related disasters such as floods, storms, heatwaves, and droughts. It serves as a critical indicator of how climate change affects human lives and economies across different regions. The CRI 2025 , published by German-watch , highlights India's growing vulnerability to climate-related disasters. India has been ranked as the 6th most affected country during 1993-2022 , highlighting the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Key Findings of CRI 2025 India's Climate Vulnerability India faced over 400 extreme weather events between 1993 and 2022 . The economic losses due to these disasters exceeded USD 180 billion . The death toll from climate-r...

Decarbonizing the Steel Industry: IIT Bombay’s Hydrogen-Based Innovation Key Highlights The Challenge of Carbon Emissions in Steel Production Traditional steel manufacturing relies on coal-based methods, which contribute significantly to global carbon emissions. Steelmaking accounts for nearly 7-9% of total global CO₂ emissions. Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction of Iron (HDRI) IIT Bombay researchers propose using hydrogen gas instead of coal to reduce iron ore. This method significantly cuts CO₂ emissions as hydrogen reacts with oxygen in the ore to form water vapor instead of carbon dioxide. Sustainability and Environmental Benefits Reduction in reliance on fossil fuels, leading to lower greenhouse gas emissions . The process can be powered by green hydrogen , which is produced using renewable energy sources like solar or wind power . Results in a cleaner and more efficient steel production cycle. Potential Impact on the Industry If widely adopted, HDRI can make steel manufacturing a n...

Australia’s First Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Project Approved   The New South Wales (NSW) government has granted approval for Australia’s first Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) facility near Broken Hill , a historic mining town. This project marks a significant step toward enhancing Australia’s renewable energy infrastructure and achieving energy security. What is Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)? Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is an innovative technology that stores excess energy by compressing air into underground reservoirs . When energy demand rises, the compressed air is released, driving turbines to generate electricity. It works similarly to pumped hydro storage but does not require large water resources , making it ideal for arid regions like Broken Hill . Key Features of the Broken Hill CAES Project Location & Significance The facility will be built near Broken Hill , a remote mining town with high renewable energy potential . It aims to suppo...

IISc-Developed Zero Bacteria Technology for STPs in Apartments A Game-Changer for Water Quality The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has developed an advanced "Zero Bacteria Technology" (ZBT) to improve water quality in Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) , especially in apartment complexes. This innovation ensures cleaner, bacteria-free treated water , making it safer for reuse. What is Zero Bacteria Technology (ZBT)? A new water purification technique designed to eliminate harmful bacteria in treated sewage water. Uses a chemical-free process , making it environmentally friendly. Developed by scientists at IISc , with applications in residential STPs and industrial wastewater management . Why is ZBT Important for Apartments? Many apartment complexes have their own Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) . Traditional STPs do not fully remove bacteria , leading to health risks when water is reused for gardening, flushing, or groundwater recharge. ZBT ensures bacteria-free treated wa...

Accelerating Smart Power & Renewable Energy in India (ASPIRE) Programme   Introduction The ASPIRE programme is a bilateral initiative between India and the UK, designed to promote clean energy transition, energy efficiency, and sustainable development. The second phase of ASPIRE was launched as part of the Fourth India-UK Energy Dialogue. Key Features of ASPIRE Programme 1. Bilateral Collaboration A joint initiative between India and the UK to support India's clean energy transition. Implemented in partnership with India’s Ministry of Power (MoP) and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) . 2. Objectives of the Programme Strengthen India’s energy sector by integrating smart power solutions . Enhance the use of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future. Improve energy efficiency and industrial decarbonization . Focus Areas of the Second Phase 1. Round-the-Clock Power Supply Providing technical support to ensure an uninterrupted electricity supply. Enhancing gri...

Invasive Fish Species: Mosquito Control or Ecological Threat? The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has sought a response from the Central Government regarding the use of two invasive fish species — Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulata —as biological agents for mosquito control in India. Common Characteristics of Both Species IUCN Status : Least Concern Environmental Tolerance : Survive in brackish water , high salinity, and extreme temperatures. Gambusia Affinis (Western Mosquitofish) Native Range : Mississippi River Basin , USA (from Indiana to the Gulf of Mexico). Habitat : Found in freshwater bodies , especially stagnant ponds and slow-moving streams . Key Characteristics : Can survive in low oxygen environments. Viviparous : Give birth to live young instead of laying eggs. Aggressive nature : Preys on native fish and disrupts local biodiversity. Invasive Impact : Listed among the 100 worst invasive species (IUCN). Outcompetes native fish species and alters ecosystems . Poec...

Bomb Cyclone: A Rapidly Intensifying Storm What is a Bomb Cyclone? A bomb cyclone is an intense, rapidly strengthening storm system that experiences a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure . It is a powerful weather phenomenon that can cause strong winds, heavy rainfall, and extreme snowfall in affected regions. Key Characteristics of a Bomb Cyclone Definition : A storm is classified as a bomb cyclone when its central air pressure drops by at least 24 millibars (mb) within 24 hours . This process is called bombogenesis (rapid intensification of a mid-latitude cyclone). Formation Process : Occurs when cold and warm air masses collide, leading to a sharp pressure drop . Typically forms over oceanic regions where there is abundant moisture and heat exchange . Can result in extreme weather conditions , including: Hurricane-force winds Heavy snowfall & blizzards Severe thunderstorms & flooding Occurrence & Types : Most bomb cyclones develop over the North Atlantic & Pa...

Nano Urea – A Breakthrough or a Concern for Crop Yields? Introduction Nano Urea, developed by the Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO) , is a nanotechnology-based fertilizer that aims to enhance nitrogen uptake in plants. However, recent studies suggest that its continued use may reduce rice and wheat yields , raising concerns over its long-term sustainability. About Nano Urea Development : Created by IFFCO , a leading fertilizer cooperative in India. Aimed at providing an efficient and eco-friendly nitrogen source for crops. Composition & Properties : Contains 4% nitrogen in nano form. Particle Size : 20-50 nm , which enhances absorption and efficiency . Higher surface area and number of particles per unit area than conventional urea. Potential Benefits of Nano Urea Higher Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) Improves nitrogen absorption, reducing excess fertilizer use. Environmental Benefits Reduces nitrogen loss through leaching and gaseous emissions . Minimizes groundwate...

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) , Hyderabad, has been honored with the Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar-2025 for its remarkable contributions to disaster management in India . About Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar Annual Award announced on January 23rd (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s birth anniversary).  Recognizes individuals and organizations for outstanding contributions in disaster management. Aims to enhance disaster preparedness and response capabilities in India. INCOIS received this award for its excellence in ocean disaster monitoring and early warning systems. What is INCOIS? Full Name : Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services Established : 1999 Governing Body : Ministry of Earth Sciences ( MoES ) Affiliation : Unit of Earth System Science Organisation (ESSO) Global Recognition : Permanent member of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental ...