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🇮🇳 Indian Astronaut Returns to Space After 41 Years: Shubhanshu Shukla Aboard Axiom-4 Mission to ISS

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In a landmark moment for India's space ambitions, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla has blasted off to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Axiom-4 mission , marking the country's return to human spaceflight after a 41-year hiatus . This historic launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida has not only reignited national pride but also officially kickstarted India’s human spaceflight programme . The mission, operated by Axiom Space , includes a four-member international crew that will spend 14 days in orbit , conducting scientific research, outreach programs, and various commercial activities. This momentous occasion places India among a select group of nations capable of sending humans into space and reflects the growing prowess of the Indian space sector . A New Chapter: Shubhanshu Shukla and India’s Astronautical Comeback The last Indian to go to space was Rakesh Sharma in 1984, aboard the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz T-11. Now, in 2025, Shubhanshu...
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Mount Fentale’s Methane Emission: A Rare Volcanic Phenomenon with Global Climate Implications

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Mount Fentale’s Methane Emission: A Rare Volcanic Phenomenon with Global Climate  Implications Introduction In an unprecedented event, massive methane plumes have been observed emitting from Mount Fentale , a stratovolcano located in Ethiopia’s East African Rift Valley . This event has drawn significant attention from both climate scientists and volcanologists due to its potential impact on climate change and geological activity . Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas , with a global warming potential (GWP) 80 times higher than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period. Most methane emissions are anthropogenic , originating from fossil fuel extraction, agriculture, and landfill decomposition . However, natural methane emissions from volcanoes are rarely documented . This article explores: ✔ What is a stratovolcano? ✔ Mount Fentale's geological significance ✔ Why is methane being released? ✔ Methane's role in global warming ✔ Scientific studies and climate models ✔ Future i...
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Mars Time Machine: Virtual Model Unlocks Red Planet’s Climate Evolution

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Mars Time Machine: Virtual Model Unlocks Red Planet’s Climate Evolution Introduction Scientists have developed a groundbreaking virtual model that acts like a "time machine" to study the climate history of Mars . This model aims to decode the evolution of Mars’ atmosphere, climate, and surface conditions over millions of years. By using advanced simulations and geological data from Mars rovers and orbiters , researchers can now track how Mars transformed from a potentially habitable planet to the barren desert it is today . Key Highlights of the Mars Climate Evolution Model Purpose of the Virtual Model The model helps scientists understand how Mars’ climate changed over billions of years . It simulates past weather patterns, atmospheric conditions, and surface transformations . It provides insights into the presence of liquid water in ancient Martian history. Mars’ Climate Evolution: What We Know So Far Early Mars (4 billion years ago): Evidence suggests that Mars once ha...
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Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025: India Among the Most Affected Nations

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Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025: India Among the Most Affected Nations Introduction to Climate Risk Index (CRI) The Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025 is a globally recognized measure that ranks countries based on their vulnerability to extreme weather events over a defined period. This index assesses the impact of climate-related disasters such as floods, storms, heatwaves, and droughts. It serves as a critical indicator of how climate change affects human lives and economies across different regions. The CRI 2025 , published by German-watch , highlights India's growing vulnerability to climate-related disasters. India has been ranked as the 6th most affected country during 1993-2022 , highlighting the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Key Findings of CRI 2025 India's Climate Vulnerability India faced over 400 extreme weather events between 1993 and 2022 . The economic losses due to these disasters exceeded USD 180 billion . The death toll from climate-r...
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Bomb Cyclone: A Rapidly Intensifying Storm

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Bomb Cyclone: A Rapidly Intensifying Storm What is a Bomb Cyclone? A bomb cyclone is an intense, rapidly strengthening storm system that experiences a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure . It is a powerful weather phenomenon that can cause strong winds, heavy rainfall, and extreme snowfall in affected regions. Key Characteristics of a Bomb Cyclone Definition : A storm is classified as a bomb cyclone when its central air pressure drops by at least 24 millibars (mb) within 24 hours . This process is called bombogenesis (rapid intensification of a mid-latitude cyclone). Formation Process : Occurs when cold and warm air masses collide, leading to a sharp pressure drop . Typically forms over oceanic regions where there is abundant moisture and heat exchange . Can result in extreme weather conditions , including: Hurricane-force winds Heavy snowfall & blizzards Severe thunderstorms & flooding Occurrence & Types : Most bomb cyclones develop over the North Atlantic & Pa...
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Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)

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Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) , Hyderabad, has been honored with the Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar-2025 for its remarkable contributions to disaster management in India . About Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar Annual Award announced on January 23rd (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s birth anniversary).  Recognizes individuals and organizations for outstanding contributions in disaster management. Aims to enhance disaster preparedness and response capabilities in India. INCOIS received this award for its excellence in ocean disaster monitoring and early warning systems. What is INCOIS? Full Name : Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services Established : 1999 Governing Body : Ministry of Earth Sciences ( MoES ) Affiliation : Unit of Earth System Science Organisation (ESSO) Global Recognition : Permanent member of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental ...
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🌍 Keeling Curve: Tracking the Rise of Atmospheric CO₂

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Keeling Curve: Tracking the Rise of Atmospheric CO₂   In 2024 , atmospheric CO₂ levels reached a record high , driven by wildfires and human activities , as reported by the Keeling Curve . This alarming rise underscores the accelerating impact of climate change on our planet. What is the Keeling Curve? The Keeling Curve is a graph that tracks the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in Earth's atmosphere over time, measured in parts per million (ppm) . It is one of the most critical indicators of long-term climate change and global warming trends. Key Facts About the Keeling Curve When & Where Did It Begin? Continuous CO₂ measurements began in 1958 at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii . It remains the longest-running and most reliable dataset on atmospheric CO₂ levels. Who Developed It? ✔ Charles David Keeling , an American scientist, pioneered the first accurate measurements of atmospheric CO₂. ✔ His work proved the direct link between human activities and rising ...
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Extinction Filtering: The Silent Biodiversity Crisis

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Extinction Filtering: The Silent Biodiversity Crisis What is Extinction Filtering? Extinction filtering is the gradual loss of species that are sensitive to human disturbances , leaving behind only those that can survive in degraded or altered environments . Key Aspects of Extinction Filtering  How It Works? ✔ Sensitive species disappear due to habitat destruction, pollution, or climate change. ✔ Resilient species dominate , leading to a more homogeneous ecosystem . ✔ Over time, biodiversity declines , and natural ecosystems become less stable . Causes of Extinction Filtering Deforestation & Habitat Loss – Conversion of forests into agriculture or urban spaces. Pollution & Climate Change – Rising temperatures and pollutants affecting species survival. Hunting & Poaching – Direct elimination of vulnerable species. Fragmentation of Habitats – Breaking up of ecosystems into smaller, isolated patches. Consequences of Extinction Filtering Eosystem Weakening – Reduced ...
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🇮🇳 Indian Astronaut Returns to Space After 41 Years: Shubhanshu Shukla Aboard Axiom-4 Mission to ISS

By
In a landmark moment for India's space ambitions, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla has blasted off to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Axiom-4 mission , marking the country's return to human spaceflight after a 41-year hiatus . This historic launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida has not only reignited national pride but also officially kickstarted India’s human spaceflight programme . The mission, operated by Axiom Space , includes a four-member international crew that will spend 14 days in orbit , conducting scientific research, outreach programs, and various commercial activities. This momentous occasion places India among a select group of nations capable of sending humans into space and reflects the growing prowess of the Indian space sector . A New Chapter: Shubhanshu Shukla and India’s Astronautical Comeback The last Indian to go to space was Rakesh Sharma in 1984, aboard the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz T-11. Now, in 2025, Shubhanshu...
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IN-SPACe CANSAT & Model Rocketry India Student Competition 2024–25: A Giant Leap for Student Innovation

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In a remarkable step towards strengthening India’s STEM education framework, the Astronautical Society of India (ASI), in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe), has launched the IN-SPACe CANSAT and Model Rocketry India Student Competition 2024–25 . This unique competition is crafted for undergraduate students across India, providing them with an opportunity to engage in experiential learning through the design, fabrication, and launch of CANSATs—can-sized satellites—using model rocketry platforms. The event held on June 14, 2025 , in Tamkuhi Raj, Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh , was not a full-fledged rocket launch carrying an actual payload. Instead, it served as a critical site and systems validation test in preparation for the upcoming national student competition. This test focused on ensuring the readiness of launch site infrastructure, safety protocols, telemetry systems, and track...
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A Deep Dive into ISRO’s Gaganyaan Mission

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As the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) advances steadily towards launching its maiden human spaceflight mission — Gaganyaan — the emphasis on spaceflight safety has never been more crucial. India is on the brink of joining an elite group of nations capable of sending humans to space, and ISRO is leaving no stone unturned to ensure that every stage of the mission, from liftoff to landing, adheres to global safety standards. Gaganyaan is poised to become a landmark achievement in India’s space exploration journey. It aims to send three astronauts into low Earth orbit (LEO) for up to seven days. While this initial mission is not intended to dock with any space station, the selected crew is being familiarized with docking procedures , a forward-thinking move that prepares them for potential future missions involving orbital rendezvous and space station docking . Ensuring astronaut safety is a complex, multilayered process involving extensive planning, rigorous testing, and ...
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India’s Electric Hansa (E-HANSA): Pioneering Green Aviation with Indigenous Technology

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India has embarked on a groundbreaking journey to revolutionize its aviation training sector with the development of the Electric Hansa (E-HANSA) —a next-generation, two-seater electric trainer aircraft developed indigenously by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research – National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR-NAL) in Bengaluru. Announced by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh during a high-level monthly review meeting, this initiative places India firmly on the global map for sustainable and green aviation technologies . E-HANSA: A Leap Toward Green Aviation The E-HANSA aircraft is India's foray into electric aircraft development , aligning closely with national and global goals for carbon neutrality and clean energy adoption . As the world shifts towards climate-friendly technologies, the aviation industry—a traditionally high-emission sector—is witnessing a paradigm shift. The E-HANSA is expected to serve as a flagship electric trainer aircraft , integrating eco-friend...
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The Evolution of the Computer Mouse: A Journey Through Innovation

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The Evolution of the Computer Mouse: A Journey Through Innovation The computer mouse, a humble yet revolutionary input device, has undergone tremendous evolution since its inception. From bulky mechanical rollers to sleek, wireless, and AI-powered peripherals, the journey of the mouse reflects the rapid advancements in computing technology. In this article, we will explore the history, development, and future of the computer mouse while highlighting key innovations along the way. 1. The Birth of the Mouse (1960s) The first computer mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1964 at the Stanford Research Institute. It was made of wood and had a single button, with a system of wheels for detecting motion. The invention was demonstrated in 1968 in the famous "Mother of All Demos." Engelbart envisioned the mouse as part of a broader interactive computing system to enhance productivity. Key Features of Early Mice: Wooden casing Two metal wheels for movement A single button ...
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Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025: India Among the Most Affected Nations

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Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025: India Among the Most Affected Nations Introduction to Climate Risk Index (CRI) The Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025 is a globally recognized measure that ranks countries based on their vulnerability to extreme weather events over a defined period. This index assesses the impact of climate-related disasters such as floods, storms, heatwaves, and droughts. It serves as a critical indicator of how climate change affects human lives and economies across different regions. The CRI 2025 , published by German-watch , highlights India's growing vulnerability to climate-related disasters. India has been ranked as the 6th most affected country during 1993-2022 , highlighting the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Key Findings of CRI 2025 India's Climate Vulnerability India faced over 400 extreme weather events between 1993 and 2022 . The economic losses due to these disasters exceeded USD 180 billion . The death toll from climate-r...
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