In a landmark moment for India's space ambitions, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla has blasted off to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Axiom-4 mission , marking the country's return to human spaceflight after a 41-year hiatus . This historic launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida has not only reignited national pride but also officially kickstarted India’s human spaceflight programme . The mission, operated by Axiom Space , includes a four-member international crew that will spend 14 days in orbit , conducting scientific research, outreach programs, and various commercial activities. This momentous occasion places India among a select group of nations capable of sending humans into space and reflects the growing prowess of the Indian space sector . A New Chapter: Shubhanshu Shukla and India’s Astronautical Comeback The last Indian to go to space was Rakesh Sharma in 1984, aboard the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz T-11. Now, in 2025, Shubhanshu...
Dark Oxygen: A New Discovery Reshaping Life’s Origins and Possibilities on Other Planets Discovery Overview: In July 2024 , scientists discovered the phenomenon of "dark oxygen" 13,100 feet deep in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone of the Pacific Ocean. This deep ocean region is known for its rich deposits of metallic nodules containing manganese and iron. Key Features of Dark Oxygen Production: Oxygen Generation Without Sunlight: Metallic nodules on the seafloor were found to split seawater (H₂O) to produce oxygen without relying on sunlight. Traditional oxygen production on Earth primarily comes from photosynthesis , but dark oxygen challenges this assumption. Scientific and Astrobiological Implications: Potential for Life on Other Planets: Dark oxygen production suggests that oxygen-rich habitats could exist on planets without sunlight. This increases the possibility of discovering life on planets or moons with deep-sea or underground environments. Early Earth's Ecosyste...